Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a naturally occurring gas with unique properties and wide utility across industries. From carbonating beverages and chilling or freezing food to supporting pharmaceutical manufacturing, chemical production, pulp and paper processing, welding, and water treatment, its properties make it indispensable in today’s economy.

Messer helps customers reduce unplanned downtime, maintain product quality, and mitigate supply risk with a resilient, domestic CO2 network and experienced application support teams.

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What are the Safety Hazards When Working with Liquid or Gaseous Carbon Dioxide?

Carbon dioxide presents risks in both liquid and gaseous form. Key risks include oxygen displacement and asphyxiation, cryogenic burns or frostbite, and general high-pressure handling considerations. Unlike some other gases, carbon dioxide can accumulate in enclosed, poorly ventilated, or low-lying areas because it is heavier than air. That makes atmosphere monitoring especially important in work zones where CO2 may be released during operation or maintenance.

Safety is a core value and embedded in everything we do at Messer. We are committed to the safe use of our products and set working standards that protect the safety and health of our customers, our people, and our communities. Here are some resources to find out more information on carbon dioxide safety:

Messer helps customers reduce incident risk through safety training, documentation, and support that goes beyond basic regulatory requirements.

Why Choose Messer as Your CO2 Supplier?

Most commercial CO2 is produced as a purified byproduct from neighboring ammonia plants, ethanol facilities, and refineries. CO2 production plants further purify and liquify the gas to create a high quality product for beverages, electronics, pharmaceutical, or industrial grade industries.

In today’s dynamic market, Messer has made significant, long-term investment to strengthen our CO2 network. By expanding production partnerships and adding transportation capacity across rail and bulk logistics, we give our customers true supply chain flexibility. The result: a more reliable CO2 supply that keeps your operation running smoothly.

Messer also goes beyond delivering CO2. We help customers increase throughput, manage volatility, and design supply strategies that scale as production demands change. Messer’s experienced team delivers:

Reliability improves significantly when suppliers invest in diversified domestic production sources, rail and bulk logistics capacity, and proactive supply planning. Messer has strengthened its CO2 network to provide customers with greater supply stability across changing market conditions.

From food processing to pharmaceuticals, Messer will guide you through key considerations like the optimal purity grade, delivery method, process application equipment, and storage approach for your specific application.

Messer’s technical teams can offer tailored solutions and on-site support to improve operational throughput and efficiency.

Whether you require chilling or freezing equipment, supercritical CO2, dry ice or CO2 snow, flow control, and other specialized delivery systems, Messer’s team provides flexible solutions that fit your needs.

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Carbon Dioxide Liquid and Gas Distribution Methods

Messer works with you to determine the most effective CO2 supply approach based on your application, consumption patterns, and infrastructure. Each supply mode is structured to support consistent availability while aligning with how your operation runs day to day. Our supply modes support CO2 availability while aligning with your production requirements, facility infrastructure, and long-term operating plans.

A flexible choice for lower-volume applications or intermittent use where ease of handling is important.

A strong fit for facilities with steady CO2 demand and on-site storage capacity, where reliable scheduled deliveries support ongoing operations.

Generally reserved for large-scale operations with high CO2 consumption and the infrastructure to receive bulk shipments by rail.

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Carbon Dioxide Applications by Industry

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Food

CO2 enables rapid freezing compared to other mechanical methods for protein, baked goods, prepared meals, and other perishable foods, helping to preserve texture, taste, and shelf life. Our team works with you to help decide which freezing solution you need based on your current and future production goals.

Precise temperature control during mixing is critical for producing sausages, hamburger patties, chicken nuggets, and other formed protein products. Bottom‑Injection delivers liquid CO2 at the bottom of the mixer, removing heat faster and more uniformly than top‑down methods.

Messer works with your team to evaluate your mixer, batch size, and temperature targets, then designs bottom‑injection solutions that improves yield, appearance, and throughput that retrofits to your existing mixer.

CO2 snow, pellets, and dry ice provide flexible, fast, and moisture‑free chilling for food processors that need temperature control outside of mixers, freezers, or ingredient pre‑conditioning. These formats are commonly used for spot chilling, box or combo bin chilling, surface temperature reduction, packaging support, and short‑term cold‑chain control for meat, poultry, seafood, produce, and prepared foods.

Messer works with your team to determine whether CO2 snow, pellets, or dry ice best fits your process needs.

Chilling flour and other dry ingredients with liquid CO2 helps food manufacturers maintain precise temperature control, protect product quality, and improve downstream processing consistency.

Liquid CO2 provides rapid, moisture‑free cooling through bottom injection, inline cooling, or CO2 snow application, pulling heat out quickly without affecting ingredient functionality or adding water.

CO2 for stunning is used in poultry and livestock operations to humanely render animals unconscious. In addition to routine processing, CAS systems play a critical role during emergency depopulation events, such as avian influenza outbreaks to protect animal health, worker safety, and the surrounding food supply.

Messer works closely with producers, integrators, and emergency response teams to design safe, reliable CO2 supply and delivery solutions for CAS applications that comply with animal welfare and biosecurity requirements in high‑stress, time‑critical situations.

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Beverage

Messer supplies high-purity beverage-grade CO2 for carbonation in soft drinks, beer, and sparkling waters. Beverage producers rely on consistent CO2 purity to maintain product taste, aroma, and shelf life. CO2 also plays a key role in packaging and dispensing systems to protect beverage integrity from filler to final seal.

Our award-winning team continues is recognized by some of the world's leading beverage brands for offering:

  • Tailored application solutions to protect product quality.

  • Quick service response during demand challenges.

  • Turnkey beverage gas installation.

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Chemical

CO2 is used in applications like late-stage inerting during urea synthesis for fertilizer production, making it a key feedstock for agricultural chemical manufacturing. We collaborate with your plant operators to understand throughput, purity, and production cycles, helping design a dependable storage and delivery CO2 solution.

CO2 is a key input for steps like cryogenic snow cleaning of parts, gas-assist injection molding, spot mold cooling, foaming, and cryogenic grinding of thermoplastics and elastomers. These applications increase throughput, improve part quality, and reduce residue and waste.

CO2 is used in chlor-alkali production to enhance brine treatment, improving purity, reducing chemical consumption, and supporting more efficient downstream processing. Messer works closely with chlor‑alkali operators to understand brine composition, membrane sensitivity, and operational constraints, delivering precision CO2 injection strategies that improve efficiency and reduce chemical consumption.

Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is a powerful, tunable solvent used across the chemical industry for high‑selectivity extraction, purification, and fractionation. When CO2 is brought above its critical temperature and pressure, it exhibits both gas‑like diffusivity and liquid‑like solvency, allowing it to efficiently extract target compounds without leaving solvent residues.

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Electronics & Specialty Products

Ultra‑High Purity (UHP) CO2 is used in semiconductor manufacturing for advanced wafer cleaning, photolithography process control, and other contamination‑sensitive, tool‑level applications where gas purity is critical. High‑purity CO2 is also used in analytical and testing environments as a calibration, reference, or test gas, supporting precise gas analysis and process monitoring in electronics and specialty manufacturing.

Messer supports contamination sensitive environments with dependable UHP CO2 supply, consistent quality monitoring, and the knowledge and experience that helps protect your yield and tool uptime.

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Manufacturing

CO2 is widely used as a shielding gas in Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), particularly when welding steel. As a reactive gas, CO2 provides deep weld penetration, making it ideal for heavier sections and structural applications.

Our team works with you to find the right blend for your needs.

CO2 snow cleaning is an environmentally friendly, non‑abrasive, residue‑free cleaning method used across the manufacturing industry. Because of the precision it offers, CO2 snow cleaning is ideal for molded plastics, metals, electronics, optical components, and painted/coated surfaces.

Messer’s team of experts can help you determine the right uses and methods for your specific process needs.

CO2 is used for pH control, inerting, and safety‑related applications in mineral extraction and processing environments.

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Oil and Gas

CO2 EOR increases oil mobility by reducing viscosity and swelling the oil, improving flow to the wellbore and lifting recovery in mature or partially depleted reservoirs. Huff‑n‑Puff allows dissolved CO2 to mobilize residual oil before flowback and recycling of gas.

CO2 is a critical component in energized and foamed fracturing systems used to reduce water intensity, improve cleanup, and enhance stimulation performance in water‑sensitive, depleted, or unconventional reservoirs.

As a trusted bulk CO2 supplier, we support frac operations with high‑volume CO2 supply for foam frac, energized pre‑pad, and hybrid CO2/N2 systems. Our team understands gas quality requirements, pumping schedules, and logistics at the wellsite, and works with you to ensure consistent delivery that keeps crews pumping and minimizes non‑productive time.

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Pharmaceutical

USP CO2 meets strict quality benchmarks for pharmaceutical ingredients and is used in cell culture incubation and in inerting, purging, and blanketing steps to safeguard product quality during pharmaceutical production. Messer’s team partners with your process engineers to understand your cleanroom environment, bioreactor requirements, contamination risks, and regulatory constraints, then develops CO2 supply and distribution solutions that meet your process needs.

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Pulp and Paper

CO2 is widely used in pulp and paper mills for pH stabilization and pulp washing, offering a precise, controllable alternative to strong mineral acids.

Messer works closely with your operations team to understand process conditions, target pH ranges, and system constraints, then designs a CO2 supply and injection solution that integrates into existing washing and pH control systems. Our team helps mills optimize brown-stock washing or alkaline bleaching stages, by reducing maintenance burden, lowering water consumption, increasing capacity, and decreasing chemical use and wastewater chemical oxygen demand (COD).

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Water Treatment

CO2 provides a controllable method for pH reduction in both industrial and municipal wastewater treatment systems.

Messer works with your operations teams to understand water chemistry, flow rates, target pH ranges, and regulatory requirements, then designs a CO2 supply and injection solution that reduces pH that self-buffers and has no moving parts—while supporting safer chemical handling and plant operations.

CO2 systems are used in specialized fire suppression and inerting applications to protect critical infrastructure where water or residue‑based agents are not acceptable.

Messer supports data centers with a resilient, domestic CO2 supply network, rigorous safety standards, and the application experience needed to protect mission‑critical facilities where uptime, reliability, and clean fire suppression are non‑negotiable.

Bulk CO2 fire protection systems provide fast, effective suppression for manufacturing plants by displacing oxygen and interrupting combustion without leaving residue or damaging sensitive equipment.

Messer works with your team to provide CO2 bulk storage and vaporization system that meets your fire protection needs.

Carbon Dioxide Frequently Asked Questions

Storing liquid CO2 requires safety measures to address risks such as oxygen displacement, pressure buildup, and cryogenic exposure. Typical systems include properly designed bulk storage tanks, pressure relief devices, ventilation, CO2 gas detection and monitoring, and clearly defined operating and emergency procedures. Training, documentation, and routine inspections are also critical. Messer supports customers with system design guidance, safety documentation, and training that go beyond basic regulatory requirements.

Industrial CO2 supply in the U.S. can vary because most merchant CO2 is produced as a byproduct from other industries such as ethanol, ammonia, and refining. When those upstream facilities reduce output or go offline, supply tightens. Reliability improves significantly when suppliers invest in diversified domestic production sources, rail and bulk logistics capacity, and proactive supply planning. Messer has strengthened its CO2 network to provide customers with greater supply stability across changing market conditions.

Most merchant CO2 is produced as a by‑product from other industries (primarily ethanol and ammonia), plus a smaller share from natural/geologic sources. When those facilities decrease production, go down for maintenance, or face contamination events, CO2 supply can tighten. As one of the leading domestic suppliers of liquid and gaseous CO2, Messer has invested heavily to provide its customers a reliable supply by increasing our rail and driver network and strategically converting our CO2 customers to nitrogen where feasible, helping you manage market volatility with a trusted supply chain partner.

The price of industrial carbon dioxide depends on several factors, including the volume required, delivery method (cylinders, microbulk, bulk supply or railcar), transportation distance, and market conditions. Our team will work with you to determine the right mode of supply for your requirements and provide pricing.

Yes. Messer can provide temporary carbon dioxide supply or spot loads for facilities that need short-term gas availability. This may include temporary portable supply systems, cylinder or microbulk solutions designed to support operations during equipment installation, plant maintenance, or emergency supply situations.

The best CO2 supply mode depends on your volume requirements, usage patterns, purity grade, available space, and logistics needs. Cylinders are suited for low‑volume or intermittent use, bulk delivery works well for steady, moderate‑to‑high demand, and railcar supply is suitable for large industrial consumers requiring high volumes. Messer works with customers to evaluate current and future demand and recommend a supply mode that improves reliability, safety, and operational efficiency.

Often yes—your product specifications and product help it’s a good fit. Our team leads the industry in this application. Because nitrogen is produced by separating air, we’ve helped many food processing plants transition portions of chilling/freezing to nitrogen, increasing the security of our cryogen supply. Our team will work with you to model heat loads, dwell times, texture, yield, to help you evaluate if it’s a good fit for your facility.

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Resources

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Safety Guidelines for Working with Carbon Dioxide

Learn the important aspects you need to know to handle carbon dioxide safely and securely.

Watch Video

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Nitrogen vs. CO2: Choosing the Right Gas for Your Application

Nitrogen is a common substitute for carbon dioxide. Here, we look at the choice between liquid nitrogen (LIN or LN2) and CO2 for food chilling and freezing.

More Give it Gas! Blog

Carbon Dioxide Specifications


Messer supplies both gaseous and liquid CO2 to meet the needs of diverse industries we serve. In addition to beverage-grade, food- or industrial-grade, and pharmaceutical-grade options, Messer offers Ultra-High Purity (UHP) CO2 for demanding applications in electronics, and specialty manufacturing.

For example, the table below displays the specifications for industrial grade CO2. Reach out to our team if you have any questions about CO2 quality specifications.

Carbon Dioxide Commercial / Food
Characteristic UOM  
Assay % 99.5
H₂O PPM 20
NVR PPM 10
THC PPM 50
O₂ PPM 50
CO PPM 10
NOx PPM 5
SO₂ PPM 5
COS PPM 0.5
H₂S PPM 0.5
Total Sulfurs PPB 500
NH₃ PPM 25
CH₃CHO PPM 0.5

 

Any questions?

Ask our team. We’re here to help.

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